1. Tam sim no xwm txheej ntawm kev lag luam photovoltaic (hnub ci zog)

1.1 Kev Loj Hlob Sai ntawm Kev Lag Luam Photovoltaic Thoob Ntiaj Teb

Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, kev lag luam photovoltaic thoob ntiaj teb tau pom kev loj hlob sai heev. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Lub Koom Haum Zog Thoob Ntiaj Teb (IEA), xyoo 2023, lub peev xwm tshiab thoob ntiaj teb ntawm lub zog photovoltaic tau tshaj 350 GW, thiab lub peev xwm teeb tsa tag nrho tau tshaj 1.5 TW. Cov teb chaws thiab thaj chaw xws li Tuam Tshoj, Tebchaws Meskas, Tebchaws Europe, thiab Is Nrias teb tau dhau los ua lub zog tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam photovoltaic.

- Tuam Tshoj: Raws li lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam photovoltaic hnub ci loj tshaj plaws, Tuam Tshoj tau ntxiv ntau dua 200 GW ntawm lub hnub ci photovoltaic muaj peev xwm hauv xyoo 2023, suav txog ntau dua 57% ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov peev xwm tshiab ntsia. Tsoomfwv txoj cai txhawb nqa, kev nce qib thev naus laus zis, thiab kev txo nqi yog cov yam tseem ceeb uas tsav tsheb kev txhim kho ntawm Tuam Tshoj kev lag luam photovoltaic hnub ci.

- Tebchaws Europe: Vim muaj kev tsov rog ntawm Russia thiab Ukraine, Tebchaws Europe tau ua kom nws txoj kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob sai dua. Xyoo 2023, lub peev xwm tshiab ntawm lub hnub ci photovoltaic tau tshaj 60 GW, nrog rau kev loj hlob tseem ceeb hauv cov tebchaws xws li Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Spain, thiab Netherlands.

- Tebchaws Meskas: Vim muaj kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Txoj Cai Txo Nqi Khoom Siv (IRA), kev lag luam photovoltaic hnub ci hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau txuas ntxiv loj hlob, nrog rau lub peev xwm tshiab ntawm kwv yees li 40 GW hauv xyoo 2023.

- Is Nrias teb: Tsoomfwv Is Nrias teb txhawb nqa kev tsim kho lub zog rov ua dua tshiab. Xyoo 2023, lub peev xwm tshiab ntawm lub hnub ci photovoltaic tau tshaj 20 GW, nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua tiav 500 GW ntawm lub zog rov ua dua tshiab tau teeb tsa los ntawm xyoo 2030.

1.2Kev nce qib tas mus li hauv kev siv tshuab photovoltaic

Kev tsim kho tshiab tas mus li hauv kev siv tshuab photovoltaic tau ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo dua thiab txo cov nqi hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob hnub ci:

- Cov thev naus laus zis roj teeb ua haujlwm zoo xws li PERC, TOPCon, thiab HJT: PERC (Passivated Emitter thiab Rear Contact) cov hlwb tseem yog cov tseem ceeb, tab sis TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact) thiab HJT (Heterojunction) cov thev naus laus zis maj mam nthuav dav lawv cov feem ntawm kev ua lag luam vim lawv cov txiaj ntsig hloov pauv siab dua (> 24%).

- Cov roj teeb hnub ci Perovskite: Raws li cov thev naus laus zis photovoltaic tiam tom ntej, cov roj teeb perovskite tau ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig hauv chav kuaj ntau dua 33% thiab xav tias yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev lag luam yav tom ntej.

- Cov modules ob sab thiab cov tracking mounts: Cov modules ob sab tuaj yeem ua rau lub zog tsim hluav taws xob ntau ntxiv los ntawm 10% txog 20%, thaum cov tracking mounts ua kom lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub hnub ci ci ntsa iab zoo dua, ua kom lub kaw lus ua haujlwm tau zoo dua.

1.3Lub Tus nqi ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob photovoltaic tseem poob qis

Tau kaum xyoo dhau los no, tus nqi ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob photovoltaic tau poob qis dua 80%. Raws li IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency), tus nqi hluav taws xob thoob ntiaj teb (LCOE) rau lub zog photovoltaic hauv xyoo 2023 tau poob qis mus rau 0.03 - 0.05 Asmeskas duas las ib kWh, qis dua li ntawm cov thee thiab roj av tsim hluav taws xob, ua rau nws yog ib qho ntawm cov peev txheej hluav taws xob sib tw tshaj plaws.

1.4 Kev sib koom tes txhim kho kev khaws cia hluav taws xob thiab photovoltaic

Vim yog qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob photovoltaic tsis tu ncua, kev siv cov tshuab khaws cia hluav taws xob (xws li roj teeb lithium, roj teeb sodium-ion, roj teeb ntws, thiab lwm yam) ua ke tau dhau los ua qhov sib txawv. Xyoo 2023, lub peev xwm tshiab ntawm cov phiaj xwm khaws cia hluav taws xob thoob ntiaj teb photovoltaic ntxiv rau ntau tshaj 30 GW, thiab nws xav tias yuav tswj hwm tus nqi loj hlob siab hauv kaum xyoo tom ntej.

2. Lub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam photovoltaic

2.1 Kev daws teeb meem huab cua hloov pauv thiab txhawb nqa cov hom phiaj tsis muaj pa roj carbon

Cov teb chaws thoob plaws ntiaj teb tab tom ua kom lawv txoj kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob sai dua los txo cov pa roj av uas ua rau lub ntiaj teb sov. Lub zog hnub ci, ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog huv, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tiav lub hom phiaj "carbon neutrality". Raws li Daim Ntawv Cog Lus Paris, txog xyoo 2030, kev faib tawm thoob ntiaj teb ntawm lub zog rov ua dua tshiab yuav tsum ncav cuag ntau dua 40%, thiab lub zog hnub ci yuav dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov peev txheej tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog.

2.2 Kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub zog thiab kev ywj pheej

Cov chaw siv hluav taws xob ib txwm muaj (xws li roj thiab roj av) raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev nom kev tswv hauv ntiaj teb, thaum cov peev txheej siv hluav taws xob hnub ci tau faib dav dav thiab tuaj yeem txo qhov kev vam khom rau lub zog xa tawm. Piv txwv li, Tebchaws Europe tau txo nws qhov kev thov rau roj av Lavxias los ntawm kev siv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob photovoltaic loj, yog li txhim kho nws txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm lub zog.

2.3 Txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev ua haujlwm

Cov saw hlau kev lag luam photovoltaic muaj ntau yam kev sib txuas xws li cov ntaub ntawv silicon, silicon wafers, roj teeb, modules, inverters, brackets, thiab kev khaws cia lub zog, uas tau tsim ntau lab txoj haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb. Cov neeg ua haujlwm ncaj qha hauv kev lag luam photovoltaic hauv Suav teb tshaj 3 lab, thiab kev lag luam photovoltaic hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab Tebchaws Meskas kuj nthuav dav sai.

2.4 Kev siv hluav taws xob hauv nroog thiab kev txo kev txom nyem

Hauv cov teb chaws uas tseem tab tom txhim kho, cov photovoltaic microgrids thiab cov tsev neeg lub hnub ci muab hluav taws xob rau cov cheeb tsam nyob deb nroog thiab txhim kho cov xwm txheej ntawm kev nyob. Piv txwv li, "Solar Home Systems" hauv Africa tau pab kaum tawm lab tus tib neeg dim ntawm lub xeev tsis muaj hluav taws xob.

3.Qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov khoom siv tiv thaiv kev co (SPD) hauv lub tshuab photovoltaic

3.1 Kev pheej hmoo ntawm xob laim thiab dej nyab uas cov tshuab photovoltaic ntsib

Cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob photovoltaic feem ntau yog teeb tsa rau hauv thaj chaw qhib (xws li suab puam, ru tsev, thiab roob), thiab muaj kev phom sij heev rau xob laim thiab kev cuam tshuam overvoltage. Cov kev pheej hmoo tseem ceeb suav nrog:

- Xob laim ncaj qha: Kev ntaus ncaj qha rau ntawm cov photovoltaic modules lossis cov txhawb nqa, ua rau puas tsuaj rau cov khoom siv.

- Xob laim ua rau muaj hluav taws xob ntau: Lub zog hluav taws xob los ntawm xob laim ua rau muaj hluav taws xob ntau hauv cov xov hlau, ua rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob xws li cov inverters thiab cov maub los puas tsuaj.

- Kev hloov pauv ntawm lub grid: Kev ua haujlwm overvoltages ntawm sab grid (xws li kev ua haujlwm hloov pauv, kev ua yuam kev luv luv) yuav raug xa mus rau lub photovoltaic system.

3.2 Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Tiv Thaiv Surge (SPD)

Cov khoom tiv thaiv hluav taws xob ntau dhau yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv xob laim thiab kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob ntau dhau hauv cov tshuab photovoltaic. Lawv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb suav nrog:

- Txwv cov hluav taws xob overvoltages ib ntus: Tswj cov hluav taws xob siab uas tsim los ntawm xob laim lossis kev hloov pauv ntawm lub grid hauv qhov chaw nyab xeeb.

- Tso cov dej ntws tawm: Sai sai coj cov dej ntws ntau dhau mus rau hauv av kom tiv thaiv cov khoom siv hauv qab.

- Txhim kho kev ntseeg siab ntawm lub kaw lus: Txo cov khoom siv tsis ua haujlwm thiab lub sijhawm tsis ua haujlwm los ntawm xob laim lossis hluav taws xob ntau dhau.

3.3 Daim ntawv thov ntawm SPD hauv cov tshuab photovoltaic

Kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob rau cov tshuab photovoltaic yuav tsum tau tsim los ntawm ntau theem:

- Kev tiv thaiv ntawm sab DC (los ntawm photovoltaic modules mus rau inverter):

- Nruab Hom II SPD rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm txoj hlua kom tiv thaiv xob laim thiab kev ua haujlwm overvoltages.

- Nruab Hom I + II SPD ntawm qhov kawg DC input ntawm lub inverter los daws qhov kev hem thawj ua ke ntawm xob laim ncaj qha thiab xob laim induced.

- Kev tiv thaiv ntawm sab AC (los ntawm inverter mus rau grid):

- Nruab Hom II SPD ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub inverter kom tiv thaiv kev nkag mus rau sab grid-side overvoltage.

- Nruab Hom III SPD rau hauv lub txee faib khoom kom muab kev tiv thaiv zoo rau cov khoom siv rhiab heev.

3.4 Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev xaiv cov khoom tiv thaiv hluav taws xob

- Kev sib phim qib voltage: Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua haujlwm tas mus li (Uc) ntawm SPD yuav tsum siab dua qhov voltage ntawm lub kaw lus (piv txwv li, 1000Vdc photovoltaic system xav tau SPD nrog Uc ≥ 1200V).

- Lub peev xwm tam sim no: Lub npe nominal discharge tam sim no (In) ntawm DC sab SPD yuav tsum yog ≥ 20kA, thiab lub siab tshaj plaws discharge tam sim no (Imax) yuav tsum yog ≥ 40kA.

- Qib Kev Tiv Thaiv: Kev teeb tsa sab nraum zoov yuav tsum ua tau raws li IP65 lossis siab dua kev tiv thaiv, tsim nyog rau cov chaw ib puag ncig hnyav.

- Cov qauv ntawv pov thawj: Ua raws li IEC 61643-31 (tus qauv rau photovoltaic-specific SPDs) thiab UL 1449 thiab lwm yam ntawv pov thawj thoob ntiaj teb.

3.5 Tej yam yuav ua rau tsis txhim kho SPD

- Kev puas tsuaj rau cov khoom siv: Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob xws li cov inverters thiab cov txheej txheem saib xyuas muaj kev phom sij rau kev cuam tshuam los ntawm hluav taws xob thiab cov nqi kho yog siab.

- Kev poob hluav taws xob: Xob laim ua rau lub kaw lus kaw, cuam tshuam rau cov nyiaj tau los ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob.

- Kev phom sij ntawm hluav taws: Kev siv hluav taws xob ntau dhau yuav ua rau muaj hluav taws xob, ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub chaw fais fab.

4. Thoob Ntiaj Teb Cov Qauv Lag Luam ntawm PV Surge Protector

4.1 Kev Loj Hlob ntawm Kev Xav Tau Hauv Kev Ua Lag Luam

Nrog rau kev nce ntxiv sai ntawm lub peev xwm teeb tsa photovoltaic, kev ua lag luam rau cov khoom tiv thaiv hluav taws xob kuj tau nthuav dav tib lub sijhawm. Nws tau kwv yees tias qhov loj me ntawm kev ua lag luam photovoltaic SPD thoob ntiaj teb yuav tshaj 2 billion daus las Asmeskas los ntawm xyoo 2025, nrog rau qhov kev loj hlob txhua xyoo (CAGR) ntawm 15%.

4.2 Kev taw qhia txog kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm thev naus laus zis

- SPD ntse: Nruab nrog kev saib xyuas tam sim no thiab lub tswb ceeb toom txhaum cai, thiab txhawb kev ua haujlwm nyob deb.

- Cov qib hluav taws xob siab dua: SPDs nrog cov qib hluav taws xob siab dua (xws li 1500V) tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv tseem ceeb.

- Lub neej ntev dua: Siv cov ntaub ntawv tshiab rhiab heev (xws li zinc oxide composite technology), txhim kho qhov ruaj khov ntawm SPDs.

4.3 Txoj Cai thiab Kev Txhawb Nqa Tus Qauv

- Cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb xws li IEC 62305 (Lightning Protection Standard) thiab IEC 61643-31 (Photovoltaic SPD Standard) yuam kom cov tshuab photovoltaic yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob ntau dhau.

- Cov "Technical Specifications for Lightning Protection of Photovoltaic Power Stations" (GB/T 32512-2016) hauv Suav teb qhia meej txog kev xaiv thiab kev teeb tsa rau SPD.

5.Xaus Lus: Kev lag luam photovoltaic tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj cov neeg tiv thaiv hluav taws xob

Kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev lag luam photovoltaic tau txhaj tshuaj muaj zog rau hauv kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob thoob ntiaj teb. Txawm li cas los xij, kev pheej hmoo ntawm xob laim thiab kev pheej hmoo ntawm dej nyab tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej. Cov khoom tiv thaiv dej nyab, ua qhov kev lees paub tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov kab ke photovoltaic, tuaj yeem txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom siv, txhim kho kev tsim hluav taws xob zoo, thiab txuas ntxiv lub neej ntawm lub kaw lus. Yav tom ntej, nrog rau kev loj hlob tas mus li ntawm kev teeb tsa photovoltaic thiab kev txhim kho ntawm cov ntse grids, kev ua haujlwm siab thiab kev ntseeg siab SPDs yuav dhau los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob photovoltaic.

Rau cov tub ua lag luam photovoltaic, cov tuam txhab EPC thiab cov pab pawg ua haujlwm thiab txij nkawm, kev xaiv cov khoom tiv thaiv hluav taws xob zoo uas ua tau raws li cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb yog qhov tseem ceeb los xyuas kom meej tias lub chaw fais fab ua haujlwm ruaj khov mus ntev thiab ua kom tau txiaj ntsig ntau tshaj plaws.